Which macromolecule is primarily broken down by amylase in saliva?

Amylase is an enzyme found in saliva that specifically targets carbohydrates, particularly starches. When food is consumed, salivary amylase begins the process of breaking down complex carbohydrates into simpler sugars, such as maltose and dextrin. This enzymatic action is crucial for the initial stages of digestion, as it allows for the efficient absorption of nutrients further along the digestive tract. The presence of amylase in saliva highlights the importance of carbohydrates as a primary source of energy in the diet.

Proteins, fats, and nucleic acids are broken down by different enzymes in other parts of the digestive system: proteases for proteins in the stomach, lipases for fats in the small intestine, and nucleases for nucleic acids. This specialization of enzymes ensures that each type of macromolecule is processed properly according to its chemical structure and the needs of the body.