Which disorder is characterized by the immune system attacking the myelin sheath of neurons?

Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is characterized by the immune system mistakenly attacking the myelin sheath, which is the protective covering that surrounds nerve fibers in the central nervous system. This damage disrupts the communication between the brain and body, leading to a variety of neurological symptoms. The symptoms can include fatigue, difficulty walking, numbness, vision problems, and cognitive changes, depending on which parts of the nervous system are affected.

In MS, the immune response targets the myelin, resulting in inflammation and scarring (sclerosis) that can lead to permanent damage to the underlying nerve fibers and affect the efficiency of signal transmission. Over time, this can result in progressive neurological impairment.

Understanding the underlying mechanism of MS is crucial for developing effective treatments and managing the disease, as it helps in targeting the immune response and protecting the nerves. Other disorders listed, such as Alzheimer's Disease, Epilepsy, and Shingles, involve different pathophysiological processes and do not specifically involve the immune system attacking the myelin sheath. These distinctions highlight the unique nature of Multiple Sclerosis among the options provided.